Add verified boot information and test

Add a description of how to implement verified boot using signed FIT images,
and a simple test which verifies operation on sandbox.

The test signs a FIT image and verifies it, then signs a FIT configuration
and verifies it. Then it corrupts the signature to check that this is
detected.

Signed-off-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>

doc/uImage.FIT/verified-boot.txt

+U-Boot Verified Boot
+====================
+
+Introduction
+------------
+Verified boot here means the verification of all software loaded into a
+machine during the boot process to ensure that it is authorised and correct
+for that machine.
+
+Verified boot extends from the moment of system reset to as far as you wish
+into the boot process. An example might be loading U-Boot from read-only
+memory, then loading a signed kernel, then using the kernel's dm-verity
+driver to mount a signed root filesystem.
+
+A key point is that it is possible to field-upgrade the software on machines
+which use verified boot. Since the machine will only run software that has
+been correctly signed, it is safe to read software from an updatable medium.
+It is also possible to add a secondary signed firmware image, in read-write
+memory, so that firmware can easily be upgraded in a secure manner.
+
+
+Signing
+-------
+Verified boot uses cryptographic algorithms to 'sign' software images.
+Images are signed using a private key known only to the signer, but can
+be verified using a public key. As its name suggests the public key can be
+made available without risk to the verification process. The private and
+public keys are mathematically related. For more information on how this
+works look up "public key cryptography" and "RSA" (a particular algorithm).
+
+The signing and verification process looks something like this:
+
+
+      Signing                                      Verification
+      =======                                      ============
+
+ +--------------+                   *
+ | RSA key pair |                   *             +---------------+
+ | .key  .crt   |                   *             | Public key in |
+ +--------------+       +------> public key ----->| trusted place |
+       |                |           *             +---------------+
+       |                |           *                    |
+       v                |           *                    v
+   +---------+          |           *              +--------------+
+   |         |----------+           *              |              |
+   | signer  |                      *              |    U-Boot    |
+   |         |----------+           *              |  signature   |--> yes/no
+   +---------+          |           *              | verification |
+      ^                 |           *              |              |
+      |                 |           *              +--------------+
+      |                 |           *                    ^
+ +----------+           |           *                    |
+ | Software |           +----> signed image -------------+
+ |  image   |                       *
+ +----------+                       *
+
+
+The signature algorithm relies only on the public key to do its work. Using
+this key it checks the signature that it finds in the image. If it verifies
+then we know that the image is OK.
+
+The public key from the signer allows us to verify and therefore trust
+software from updatable memory.
+
+It is critical that the public key be secure and cannot be tampered with.
+It can be stored in read-only memory, or perhaps protected by other on-chip
+crypto provided by some modern SOCs. If the public key can ben changed, then
+the verification is worthless.
+
+
+Chaining Images
+---------------
+The above method works for a signer providing images to a run-time U-Boot.
+It is also possible to extend this scheme to a second level, like this:
+
+1. Master private key is used by the signer to sign a first-stage image.
+2. Master public key is placed in read-only memory.
+2. Secondary private key is created and used to sign second-stage images.
+3. Secondary public key is placed in first stage images
+4. We use the master public key to verify the first-stage image. We then
+use the secondary public key in the first-stage image to verify the second-
+state image.
+5. This chaining process can go on indefinitely. It is recommended to use a
+different key at each stage, so that a compromise in one place will not
+affect the whole change.
+
+
+Flattened Image Tree (FIT)
+--------------------------
+The FIT format is alreay widely used in U-Boot. It is a flattened device
+tree (FDT) in a particular format, with images contained within. FITs
+include hashes to verify images, so it is relatively straightforward to
+add signatures as well.
+
+The public key can be stored in U-Boot's CONFIG_OF_CONTROL device tree in
+a standard place. Then when a FIT it loaded it can be verified using that
+public key. Multiple keys and multiple signatures are supported.
+
+See signature.txt for more information.
+
+
+Simon Glass
+sjg@chromium.org
+1-1-13

test/vboot/.gitignore

+/*.dtb
+/test.fit
+/dev-keys

test/vboot/sandbox-kernel.dts

+/dts-v1/;
+
+/ {
+	model = "Sandbox Verified Boot Test";
+	compatible = "sandbox";
+
+};

test/vboot/sandbox-u-boot.dts

+/dts-v1/;
+
+/ {
+	model = "Sandbox Verified Boot Test";
+	compatible = "sandbox";
+
+};

test/vboot/sign-configs.its

+/dts-v1/;
+
+/ {
+	description = "Chrome OS kernel image with one or more FDT blobs";
+	#address-cells = <1>;
+
+	images {
+		kernel@1 {
+			data = /incbin/("test-kernel.bin");
+			type = "kernel_noload";
+			arch = "sandbox";
+			os = "linux";
+			compression = "none";
+			load = <0x4>;
+			entry = <0x8>;
+			kernel-version = <1>;
+			hash@1 {
+				algo = "sha1";
+			};
+		};
+		fdt@1 {
+			description = "snow";
+			data = /incbin/("sandbox-kernel.dtb");
+			type = "flat_dt";
+			arch = "sandbox";
+			compression = "none";
+			fdt-version = <1>;
+			hash@1 {
+				algo = "sha1";
+			};
+		};
+	};
+	configurations {
+		default = "conf@1";
+		conf@1 {
+			kernel = "kernel@1";
+			fdt = "fdt@1";
+			signature@1 {
+				algo = "sha1,rsa2048";
+				key-name-hint = "dev";
+				sign-images = "fdt", "kernel";
+			};
+		};
+	};
+};

test/vboot/sign-images.its

+/dts-v1/;
+
+/ {
+	description = "Chrome OS kernel image with one or more FDT blobs";
+	#address-cells = <1>;
+
+	images {
+		kernel@1 {
+			data = /incbin/("test-kernel.bin");
+			type = "kernel_noload";
+			arch = "sandbox";
+			os = "linux";
+			compression = "none";
+			load = <0x4>;
+			entry = <0x8>;
+			kernel-version = <1>;
+			signature@1 {
+				algo = "sha1,rsa2048";
+				key-name-hint = "dev";
+			};
+		};
+		fdt@1 {
+			description = "snow";
+			data = /incbin/("sandbox-kernel.dtb");
+			type = "flat_dt";
+			arch = "sandbox";
+			compression = "none";
+			fdt-version = <1>;
+			signature@1 {
+				algo = "sha1,rsa2048";
+				key-name-hint = "dev";
+			};
+		};
+	};
+	configurations {
+		default = "conf@1";
+		conf@1 {
+			kernel = "kernel@1";
+			fdt = "fdt@1";
+		};
+	};
+};

test/vboot/vboot_test.sh

+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2013, Google Inc.
+#
+# Simple Verified Boot Test Script
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+# the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
+# MA 02111-1307 USA
+
+set -e
+
+# Run U-Boot and report the result
+# Args:
+#	$1:	Test message
+run_uboot() {
+	echo -n "Test Verified Boot Run: $1: "
+	${uboot} -d sandbox-u-boot.dtb >${tmp} -c '
+sb load host 0 100 test.fit;
+fdt addr 100;
+bootm 100;
+reset'
+	if ! grep -q "$2" ${tmp}; then
+		echo
+		echo "Verified boot key check failed, output follows:"
+		cat ${tmp}
+		false
+	else
+		echo "OK"
+	fi
+}
+
+echo "Simple Verified Boot Test"
+echo "========================="
+echo
+echo "Please see doc/uImage.FIT/verified-boot.txt for more information"
+echo
+
+err=0
+tmp=/tmp/vboot_test.$$
+
+dir=$(dirname $0)
+
+if [ -z ${O} ]; then
+	O=.
+fi
+O=$(readlink -f ${O})
+
+dtc="-I dts -O dtb -p 2000"
+uboot="${O}/u-boot"
+mkimage="${O}/tools/mkimage"
+keys="${dir}/dev-keys"
+echo ${mkimage} -D "${dtc}"
+
+echo "Build keys"
+mkdir -p ${keys}
+
+# Create an RSA key pair
+openssl genrsa -F4 -out ${keys}/dev.key 2048 2>/dev/null
+
+# Create a certificate containing the public key
+openssl req -batch -new -x509 -key ${keys}/dev.key -out ${keys}/dev.crt
+
+pushd ${dir} >/dev/null
+
+# Compile our device tree files for kernel and U-Boot (CONFIG_OF_CONTROL)
+dtc -p 0x1000 sandbox-kernel.dts -O dtb -o sandbox-kernel.dtb
+dtc -p 0x1000 sandbox-u-boot.dts -O dtb -o sandbox-u-boot.dtb
+
+# Create a number kernel image with zeroes
+head -c 5000 /dev/zero >test-kernel.bin
+
+# Build the FIT, but don't sign anything yet
+echo Build FIT with signed images
+${mkimage} -D "${dtc}" -f sign-images.its test.fit >${tmp}
+
+run_uboot "unsigned signatures:" "dev-"
+
+# Sign images with our dev keys
+echo Sign images
+${mkimage} -D "${dtc}" -F -k dev-keys -K sandbox-u-boot.dtb -r test.fit >${tmp}
+
+run_uboot "signed images" "dev+"
+
+
+# Create a fresh .dtb without the public keys
+dtc -p 0x1000 sandbox-u-boot.dts -O dtb -o sandbox-u-boot.dtb
+
+echo Build FIT with signed configuration
+${mkimage} -D "${dtc}" -f sign-configs.its test.fit >${tmp}
+
+run_uboot "unsigned config" "sha1+ OK"
+
+# Sign images with our dev keys
+echo Sign images
+${mkimage} -D "${dtc}" -F -k dev-keys -K sandbox-u-boot.dtb -r test.fit >${tmp}
+
+run_uboot "signed config" "dev+"
+
+# Increment the first byte of the signature, which should cause failure
+sig=$(fdtget -t bx test.fit /configurations/conf@1/signature@1 value)
+newbyte=$(printf %x $((0x${sig:0:2} + 1)))
+sig="${newbyte} ${sig:2}"
+fdtput -t bx test.fit /configurations/conf@1/signature@1 value ${sig}
+
+run_uboot "signed config with bad hash" "Bad Data Hash"
+
+popd >/dev/null
+
+echo
+if ${ok}; then
+	echo "Test passed"
+else
+	echo "Test failed"
+fi